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Vegetables acquire nitrates and nitrites from the soil they grow in — nitrates are part of natural mineral deposits, while nitrites are formed by soil microorganisms that break down animal matter. Carrots are one rich source of nitrates, which they acquire from the soil they grow in Credit: Getty. Leafy greens like spinach and rocket tend to be top of the crop for nitrate content, with other rich sources include celery and beetroot juices, and carrots. Nitrates are fairly inert by themselves, meaning they are unlikely to get involved in chemical reactions in the body.
But nitrites, and the chemicals formed from them, are much more reactive. Unlike in vegetables, the nitrites in processed meats are in close proximity to proteins Credit: Getty. Interestingly, research shows that use of an anti-bacterial mouth wash can massively cut down this oral manufacture of nitrites. When the nitrites manufactured in our mouth are swallowed, one of the things that can happen is that they react in the strongly acidic environment of the stomach to form nitrosamines — some of which are carcinogenic and have been linked with bowel cancer.
But for this to happen, a source of amines, chemicals related to ammonia that are found abundantly in protein foods, is required. Nitrosamines can also be created directly in foods through high-heat cooking, as with fried bacon. When cooked at high temperatures this allows them to more easily form nitrosamines, the cancer-causing compound. Both of them are inorganic compounds composed of oxygen and nitrogen. In general, naturally occurring nitrate levels in groundwater and surface are a few milligrams per liter.
If considered with many groundwaters, we can observe an increase of nitrate levels because of the intensification of farming practice. Also, the concentrations can reach several hundred milligrams per liter. Naturally, nitrogen exists in soils, typically bound to mineral soil material and organic matter.
The available forms of nitrogen, including nitrite and nitrate, are present in water, soils, plants, and meat products. Nitrate and nitrite are found naturally in igneous and volcanic rocks. Also, salts of these naturally occurring ions completely dissolve in water.
Studies have shown an increase in asthmatic attacks associated with increased nitrate content in the air. The nitrite ion NO 2 is a conjugated base of the nitrous acid. The anion is symmetric. The nitrogen atom is located in the center and surrounded by two oxygen atoms, which are identically bonded. Nitrites are chemical compounds, salts or esters of the nitrous acid. They are widely used in the production of meat and fish products.
They have bactericidal action. Their reaction with myoglobin gives the meat a fresh look and pink-red color. Humans can be exposed to nitrates in several ways. The excessive nitrogen fertilization increases the nitrate content in plants, and respectively in humans via food.
In the human body, the nitrates are reduced to nitrites. The higher plants can also assimilate nitrite from the soil. Microbiological conversion of nitrates into nitrites can occur when fresh vegetables are stored, especially at room temperature. They bind to the hemoglobin in the blood and form a compound called methemoglobin.
It is unable to carry oxygen to the organs and tissues, which leads to a condition known as methemoglobinemia, characterized by bruising of the skin and mucous membranes cyanosis. Nitrates are most dangerous when converted to nitrite before they are swallowed. This conversion can occur when the food is stored improperly high temperature and reduced oxygen content in the room or during cooking, especially during frying.
Nitrites damage the cellular structures of different organs and systems directly, depending on the dose. In low acidity of gastric acid, nitrites can be converted to nitrosamines, which have a carcinogenic effect. The maximum allowable dose of nitrite for 24 hours is 0.
The human lethal dose is 0. It is believed that taking 0. Nitrate: The nitrate ion NO 3 is a conjugated base of the nitric acid. Nitrite: The nitrite ion NO 2 is a conjugated base of the nitrous acid.
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