Background Info Vocabulary. On April 23, , the first public school in what would become the United States was established in Boston, Massachusetts. Known as the Boston Latin School, this boys-only public secondary school was led by schoolmaster Philemon Pormont, a Puritan settler. The Boston Latin School was strictly for college preparation.
The English school taught Latin and Greek and was centered on the humanities. Benjamin Franklin was a dropout! The Boston Latin School is still a fully functioning public school, with students enrolled in grades However, it has changed with time, becoming coeducational in and moving locations several times.
Admission to Boston Latin is very competitive, and is limited to residents of the city. More Dates in History January. To determine whether the provision of higher levels of compulsory school physical activity is associated with higher physical activity and fitness levels and less overweight in childhood and 20 years later. At baseline and follow-up, median total physical activity, fitness and BMI were similar in participants who attended low, medium and high physical activity schools, and those attending high physical activity schools reported only modestly higher school physical activity.
There was no difference in the prevalence of high total physical activity and fitness levels in childhood or adulthood across compulsory school physical activity categories. The prevalence of overweight in childhood and adulthood was similar across low, medium and high compulsory physical activity schools.
The amount of compulsory physical activity reported by schools was not associated with total physical activity, fitness or overweight in childhood or in adulthood. Policies promoting amounts of compulsory school physical activity in this range may not be sufficient to increase physical activity and fitness or reduce the prevalence of obesity in children.
The benefits of regular participation in physical activity have been well-documented [ 1 ]. While monitoring and surveillance of children's physical activity has been limited, a recent review of secular trends in physical activity concluded that physical activity in clearly defined contexts, particularly school physical education PE , active commuting and organised sport, has declined in many countries [ 2 ].
Coupled with rapidly increasing rates of overweight and obesity in children [ 3 , 4 ], these declines are cause for concern. Schools have often been targeted as important settings for health promotion strategies aimed at increasing children's physical activity levels. In the Australian federal government introduced legislation requiring all primary and junior secondary schools to provide a minimum of two hours per week of physical activity [ 5 ].
This physical activity can be structured or unstructured but must be implemented through the curriculum during class times; it therefore seems likely that this compulsory physical activity will be undertaken through existing school PE and school sport programs. While structured interventions have had some success at increasing physical activity levels in the short [ 6 , 7 ] and longer term [ 8 ], the effectiveness of policy that mandates compulsory school physical activity as a strategy for increasing children's physical activity is unknown.
This study aimed to examine whether children who attended schools that reported providing higher levels of compulsory weekly physical activity school PE and school sport had higher physical activity and fitness levels and a lower prevalence of overweight than children whose schools reported providing lower levels of compulsory physical activity.
A secondary aim was to examine whether reported compulsory school physical activity provision in childhood had any lasting effects on physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight at follow-up 20 years later. Data were derived from the Australian Schools Health and Fitness Survey ASHFS , a nationally representative survey of 8, children aged 7—15 years from primary and secondary government, Catholic and independent schools.
Details of the sampling strategy have been described elsewhere [ 9 , 10 ]. Briefly, the first stage of sampling involved selecting schools with a probability proportional to the number of children aged 10 years in primary schools and 14 years in secondary schools The second stage of sampling involved randomly selecting 10 children from each age and sex group During —2, electoral rolls, electronic telephone directories, the National Death Index and contact with classmates were used to trace participants for the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health CDAH follow-up study [ 11 ].
Those contacted were invited to provide follow-up data and to attend one of 34 study clinics held around Australia for physical measurements during —6. In senior school personnel, including principals, vice principals and sport coordinators, reported minutes of school physical education PE and school sport per timetable cycle, the number of days per timetable cycle and whether the activity was compulsory or voluntary. School PE aims to teach motor, fitness, personal and social skills, while school sport involves competition against oneself or another.
Values for compulsory school PE and school sport were summed, divided by the number of days in the timetable cycle and multiplied by five to derive average weekly minutes of compulsory physical activity [ 11 , 12 ].
Average weekly minutes of compulsory school physical activity was then categorised into three groups — low, medium and high — based on tertile splits rounded to the nearest 10 minutes within school level strata primary and secondary. Area-level socioeconomic status SES based on residential postcode was derived using the Australian Bureau of Statistics index of relative socioeconomic disadvantage from the population census [ 15 ].
Smoking, country of birth, parental smoking and parental physical activity were self-reported. At follow-up, participants were aged 26—36 years mean Highest level of education, current occupation, marital status and number of live births females only were self-reported.
Differences in the characteristics of participants and non-participants were examined using one-way analysis-of-variance ANOVA for normally distributed continuous variables, Kruskal-Wallis equality-of-populations rank tests when variances were not equal and chi-squared tests for categorical variables.
These tests were conducted stratified by sex and school level. Due to the skewed nature of the physical activity data, median and inter-quartile range IQR values are presented. Because of the non-normal distribution of the physical activity data, the Kruskal-Wallis equality-of-populations rank test was used to determine whether sex and school level baseline only differences existed; for consistency, the same test was used to examine sex and school level baseline only differences in cardiorespiratory fitness and BMI measures.
Similarly, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine whether significant differences existed in the physical activity, fitness and BMI levels of participants across the three categories low, medium, high of compulsory school physical activity provision.
Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness variables were dichotomised into two groups representing those in the top quarter "high" physical activity or fitness and those in all other quarters. Estimates are presented unadjusted and adjusted for sociodemographic factors that were significantly associated with the outcomes. While there were some statistically significant baseline differences between those who participated in follow-up and those who did not, there were no significant differences in average baseline total, school or non-school physical activity, or in cardiorespiratory fitness levels.
School PE was compulsory in A description of compulsory physical activity provided by schools is given in Table 1. Scott Sargrad , Khalilah M. Colin Seeberger Director, Media Relations. Peter Gordon Director, Government Affairs. Madeline Shepherd Director, Government Affairs. Education in the United States must be improved to support greater economic mobility.
Those without postsecondary training have experienced stagnant wages, were hit the hardest by the Great Recession, and have barely benefitted from the subsequent economic recovery. States should provide a high-quality tutoring experience to every student performing below grade level.
Though the school lunch program currently intends to provide meals for low-income students who need it most, stigma and shame prevent many students—particularly at the high school level—from accessing these meals, which is especially troubling since childhood hunger is still a pressing concern across the nation.
Providing a healthy, nutritious breakfast and lunch to all students regardless of income would solve problems of access and also make the lives of all working families easier. To be prepared for the jobs of the complex, dynamic, and rapidly globalizing future, all students should have access to opportunities to learn firsthand how their academic work applies to potential career paths and vice versa.
Programs that allow for this exposure and provide students with a tangible outcome—such as college credit or professional certification—should be available in every district.
The current school schedule is antiquated and makes balancing a job and child care extremely difficult for working parents. Hire additional specialized instructional support personnel SISP —school counselors, school social workers, and school psychologists—to ensure that all students have access to academic, career, mental health and social-emotional support.
It is necessary to create a national school infrastructure program that will update school buildings while simultaneously creating jobs in local communities. Robert E. Anthony P.
Camille L. Cohen, James A. Kulik, and Chen-Lin C. Vincent A. Aleven and Kenneth R. Michael L. Robert A. Moffitt and David C. Terence M. Bradley D. Ronald C. Jane D. Rachael D. Goodman, M. Scott E. Carrell and Mark L. Kataoka, L. Zhang, and K. Department of Health and Human Services , Table 2. Elizabeth V. Freeman and Kimberly T. Damon E. Tom K. Misha E. Catherine Brown Senior Fellow.
Sarah Shapiro Research Assistant. Stephenie Johnson Associate Campaign Director. Union and Merged Districts Repealed. Merged Districts Repealed. Filling of Vacancies. Vacancies in Majority of Members. Vacancies in All Members.
Removal for Failure to Organize or Neglect of Duty. Notification of Election. Compensation; Oath of Office. Eligibility; Incompatible Offices. Not to be Employed by or do Business with District; Exceptions. Offering Bribes; Penalty. Receiving Bribes; Penalty. Demanding, etc. School Director Training Programs. Publication of E-mail Addresses for School Directors.
Beginning of School Year; Organization Meetings. Notice of Organization Meetings; Temporary. Officers; etc. President or Secretary Pro Tempore. Solicitor and Other Appointees. Rules and Regulations. Records, etc. Times and Places. Quorum; Filling Vacancies. Special Meetings. Meetings Open to Public Repealed. Executive Sessions. President to Preside; Calling Special Meetings.
Duties of President. Duties of Vice-President. Assistant Secretary. Audit of Accounts. Receipt and Payment of School Funds.
Deposit of Funds; Monthly Reports. Investment of School District Funds. Settlement of Accounts. Other Duties; Payment of Balance to Successor.
Embezzlement; Penalty. Elementary Schools. Additional Schools and Departments. Establishment of Independent Schools. Competitive Food or Beverage Contracts. Establishment and Maintenance of Consolidated Schools. Duty to Consolidate Schools. General Powers; Taxation. Majority Vote Required; Recording. Supervision over Schools; Visitation Repealed. Rules and Regulations; Safety Patrols.
Publication of Rules, Regulations and Policies. School Athletics, Publications, and Organizations. Advertising for Bids in Trade Journals Repealed. Group Insurance Contracts. Removal of Officers, Employes, etc.
Rights and Powers Preserved. Attendance of Superintendents, etc. Retention of Records. Copies of School Laws Repealed. Temporary Emergency War Provisions. Temporary Emergency Provisions. Joint Action with Other Political Subdivisions. Classroom Occupational Exchange. Educational Broadcasting. This section has no heading. Funds for Traffic Control Devices. Drug Law Convictions. Third-Party Services. Tax Levies. Only One Annual Tax Levy. Affidavit of Uncollectability of Taxes on Real Property.
Payments; How Made; Limitations. Liability for Improper School Orders. Use of School Funds; Illegal Use. Enforcement of Judgments Against School Districts. Management Information Reports. Certain Budget Timelines Expired. Reopening of Budget. Reopening of School District Annual Budget. Designation of Depositories; Bond. Collateral in Lieu of Bond. Insurance of Deposits of Funds. Monthly Reports by Depositories. Power to Incur Debt; Limitations. Temporary Debt. Limit on Temporary Debt for Permanent Improvements, etc.
Temporary Debt for Permanent Improvements, etc. Borrowing in Anticipation of Current Revenue. Fiscal Year. Tax Levy; Purposes; Limitations. Appeals by Taxpayers. Tax Levy for Indebtedness of Prior Districts. Tax Rates to be Expressed in Dollars and Cents. Property Taxable. Tax on Owners of Ground Rents. Certification of Assessments. Certification of Levy; Collection.
Bond of Collector; Neglect to Furnish. Compensation; Stationery; Books; Clerks. Monthly Reports; Payment of Taxes Collected. Annual Reports. Liens of Unpaid Taxes. Annual Budget; Advertising; Public Hearing. Emergency Appropriations. Limit of Indebtedness. Tax Levy; Limitations. Certification of Assessments, etc. Additions and Revisions to Duplicates. Duplicates to Include Certain Territory.
Per Capita Taxes. Certification of Levy. Tax Duplicates and Warrants. Appointment of Tax Collector in Certain Cases. Bond of Appointed Collectors. Disqualification for Reappointment, etc. Delinquent Taxes; Appointment of Collector; etc.
Limitations on Certain Unreserved Fund Balances. Payroll Tax. Project Programs Approved by the Department. Creation of Capital Reserve Fund for Approve. School Building Project Programs. Investment of Fund; Budget; Record. Expenditure of Fund. When District Distressed. Compensation of Special Board of Control Repealed. Powers of Special Board of Control. Additional Tax Repealed. Distress in School Districts of the First Class.
Educational Assessment Center. Section A. Scope of article. Early warning system. Financial Recovery Status. Issuance of declaration.
Commitment to ensure delivery of effective educational services. School directors to remain in office and elections. Termination of status. Transition period. Technical assistance. Powers and duties. Access to information. Public and private meetings. Financial recovery plan not affected by certain collective bargaining agreements or settlements.
Recovery School Districts. Development and approval of plan. Implementation of financial recovery plan. Advisory committee. Vote to proceed. Appointment of receiver. Effect of appointment of receiver. Vacancy and revocation. Termination of receivership.
Transitional Loan Program. Loan procedure. Bankruptcy prohibited. Termination of special board of control. Additional criteria.
Financial administrator in financial watch school district. Section B. Financial information to be posted. Disposition of Property. Duty to Provide; Conditions. Location and Amount of Land; Playground.
Lease of Buildings or Portions of Buildings. Constructed or Altered for School Use. Residences for Teachers and Janitors Repealed. Parks; Playgrounds; etc. Sale of Unused and Unnecessary Lands and Buildings. Abandonment of Property. Lease of Unused and Unnecessary Lands and Buildings.
Condemnation of Land. Security for Damages; Fee Simple Title. Appointment of Viewers; Notice. Duties of Viewers; Report; Notice. Confirmation of Report. Payment of Damages into Court. Exceptions and Appeals. Approval by Department of Plans, etc.
Approval of Lease Agreements. Plans, etc. Standards of State Board of Education. Heating and Ventilating Standards Repealed. Advisory Committee on Standards. Heating Stoves to be Shielded Repealed. Ventilation; Thermometer Repealed. Fireproof Construction Repealed. Doors to Open Outward; Fire Escapes; etc. Water-closets or Out-houses. Substrata Evaluation. Lead Testing. Contracts to Require Competent Workmen.
Stipulations for Minimum Wages. Additional Bond for Payment of Labor, Materials, etc. Actions by Sub-Contractors, etc.
Appropriations to Nonprofit Corporations for Athletic Stadia, etc. Condition of Grounds; Shade Trees Repealed. Integrated Pest Management Programs. Notification of Pesticide Treatments at Schools.
School Police Officers Repealed. Vehicle Rules and Regulations and Penalties for Violations. Public Hearing Prior to Closing School. Acquisition of Lands; Bond Issues. Appropriations; Use of Proceeds of Bond Issues. Contracts to Lease and Leases; Operation and Maintenance. Financing for School Building Property. Joint Action of Districts. Purchases; Use in Schools; Rules and Regulations.
Period of Use of Textbooks Repealed. Use of School Books During Vacations. Purchase of Supplies. Employe of District as Agent. Giving or Offering Bribes; Penalty. Seeking or Receiving Bribes; Penalty. Conventions and Special Meetings Repealed. Notice and Place of Convention Repealed. Officers Repealed. Executive Committee Repealed.
Auditors Repealed. Ex-officio Members of Executive Committee Repealed. Payment of Expenses by County Repealed. Elections; Vacancies; Qualifications; Removals Repealed. Election of Officers Repealed. Meetings; Filling of Vacancies Repealed. Expenses of Members; Telephone, etc. Powers and Duties. Audits Repealed. Bond of Treasurer Repealed. Compensation of the Secretary and Treasurer Repealed.
Professional and Temporary Professional Employes Repealed. Establishment of Intermediate Units. Transfer of Membership. Merger of Intermediate Units. Program of Services. Subsidies for Services. Special Pupil Services. Career and Technical Education.
Intermediate Unit Board of Directors. Election of Officers. Powers and Duties of Executive Director. Intermediate Unit Council. Allocations Repealed. Commonwealth Payments. General Operating Subsidy. Capital Subsidy Repealed. Capital Subsidy. School District Payments. Financial Reports. Auxiliary Services. Psychological Services.
Visual Services. School Safety and Security Enhancements. Good Moral Character.
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